Communications device

ABSTRACT

A communications device including a transmitter transmitting data signals to a network element of a wireless communications system using shared resources of an uplink of a first wireless access interface included in the network element, a receiver receiving data signals from the network element using shared resources of a downlink of the first wireless access interface, allocations of the shared resources being made by the network element and the uplink of the first wireless access interface is within a first set of resources, and a controller controlling the transmitter and receiver to transmit/receive signals representing data to/from another communications device using a second wireless access interface within a second set of resources formed from resources of the first set of resources for preferable allocation for device-to-device communications by the network element, resources of the second wireless access interface being time divided into at least a data and control regions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/288,098, filed Feb. 28, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 15/111,073, filed Jul. 12, 2016 (now U.S. Pat. No.10,256,949), which is based on PCT filing PCT/EP2014/077447, filed Dec.11, 2014, and claims priority to European Patent Application 14153536.9,filed in the European Patent Office on Jan. 31, 2014, the entirecontents of each are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to device-device communications and inparticular to communications devices, coordinating entities and methodfor performing device-to-device communications.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Mobile telecommunication systems, such as those based on the 3GPPdefined UMTS and Long Term Evolution (LTE) architecture, are able tosupport more sophisticated services than simple voice and messagingservices offered by previous generations of mobile telecommunicationsystems. For example, with the improved radio interface and enhanceddata rates provided by LTE systems, a user is able to enjoy high datarate applications such as video streaming and video conferencing onmobile communications devices that would previously only have beenavailable via a fixed line data connection.

The demand to deploy fourth generation networks is therefore strong andthe coverage area of these networks, i.e. geographic locations whereaccess to the networks is possible, is expected to increase rapidly.However, although the coverage and capacity of fourth generationnetworks is expected to significantly exceed those of previousgenerations of communications networks, there are still limitations onnetwork capacity and the geographical areas that can be served by suchnetworks. These limitations may, for example, be particularly relevantin situations in which networks are experiencing high load and high-datarate communications between communications devices, or whencommunications between communications devices are required but thecommunications devices may not be within the coverage area of a network.In order to address these limitations, in LTE release-12 the ability forLTE communications devices to perform device-to-device (D2D)communications will be introduced. D2D communications allowcommunications devices that are in close proximity to directlycommunicate with each other, both when within and when outside of acoverage area. This D2D communications ability may allow user data to bemore efficiently communicated between communications devices byobviating the need for user data to be relayed by a network entity suchas a base station, and also allows communications devices that are inclose proximity to communicate with one another although they may not bewithin the coverage area of a network. The ability for communicationsdevices to operate both inside and outside of coverage areas makes LTEsystems that incorporate D2D capabilities well suited to applicationssuch as public safety communications, for example. Public safetycommunications require a high degree of robustness whereby devices cancontinue to communicate with one another in congested networks and whenoutside a coverage area or when the network fails. Fourth generationnetworks have therefore been proposed as a cost effective solution topublic safety communications compared to dedicated systems such as TETRAwhich are currently used throughout the world. However, the potentialcoexistence of conventional LTE communications and D2D communicationswithin a single coverage area or network may increase the complexity ofcoordinating communications and resource allocation within an LTEnetwork, and may also lead to potential compatibility issues betweenconventional and D2D capable LTE communications devices.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

According to an example of the present disclosure there is provided acommunications device comprising a transmitter for transmitting signalsrepresenting data to a network element of a wireless communicationssystem using shared resources of an uplink of a first wireless accessinterface provided by the network element, and a receiver for receivingsignals representing data from the network element using sharedresources of a downlink of the first wireless access interface, whereinallocations of the shared resources are made by the network element andthe uplink of the first wireless access interface is within a first setof resources. The communications device also comprises a controller forcontrolling the transmitter and the receiver to transmit and to receivesignals representing data to and from another communications deviceusing a second wireless access interface which is within a second set ofresources, the second set of resources being formed from resources ofthe first set of resources for preferable allocation fordevice-to-device communications by the network element, and resources ofthe second wireless access interface are divided in time into at least adata region and a control region.

In another example signals transmitted via the control region provide anindication of the allocation of resources within the data region and thecontroller is configured to control the transmitter and the receiver totransmit and to receive signals representing a resource allocationmessage in the control region, the resource allocation message providingan indication of a set of resources of the data region, and to transmitand to receive the signals representing data to and from the othercommunications device using the indicated set of resources.

In another example the first set of resources are within a firstfrequency range and the second set of resources are within a secondfrequency range.

In another example the second set of resources is formed in apredetermined set of resources of the first set of resources.

In another example the second wireless access interface includes areference symbol region for providing reference symbols for channelestimation at a receiving communications device, and the controller isconfigured to control the transmitter and receiver to transmit and toreceive reference signals representing reference symbols in thereference symbol region.

In another example the control region is associated with a referencesymbol region, the associated control regions and reference symbolsregion being contiguous in time.

In another example the controller is configured to control the receiverto receive an indication of the second set of resources from the networkelement.

In another example the second frequency range is contiguous in frequencyand smaller than and within the first frequency range.

In another example the resources of the second set of resources arecontiguous in frequency.

In another example the control region of the second wireless accessinterface is positioned in a predetermined set of resources of thesecond wireless access interface.

In another example the uplink of the first wireless access interfaceincludes control channels positioned toward the upper and lowerfrequencies of the first frequency range, and the second frequency rangeis formed using resources from the shared resources of the firstfrequency range

In another example the second frequency range is contiguous in frequencywith at least one of the control channels.

In another example the resources of the second wireless access interfaceare divided into a plurality of control regions, data regions andreference symbol regions in accordance with a predetermined pattern, andthe controller is configured to control the receiver, in response to anabsence of a data region resource allocation relating to thecommunications device in a control region, to enter a reduced-powerstate.

Examples of the present disclosure can provide a technique for enablingthe coexistence of conventional LTE communications and device-to-devicecommunications. A second set of resources within a first set ofresources used to provide the conventional LTE wireless access interfaceare preferably allocated for use in device-to-device communications sothat conventional communications devices are not scheduled to transmitor receive signals across the second set of resources. D2D transmissionsin the second set of resources therefore appear transparent tocommunications devices which are not capable of D2D communications orare not currently participating in D2D communications. The provision ofthe second wireless access interface in the second set of resourcesallows for a lack of time synchronisation between transmissions in thetwo wireless access interfaces to result in no or at least reducedinterference to one another. This may be particularly beneficial whenthe second wireless access interface is initially established outside ofa coverage area of a LTE network element, and therefore is unlikely tobe synchronised with a LTE network element, and subsequently theparticipating D2D devices enter the coverage area of the networkelement. The reservation of second set of resources also provides asimple mechanism for the coordination of resource allocation between D2Dcommunications and conventional communications because the networkelement is simply required to avoid allocating resources of the secondset for conventional LTE communications.

The provision of the second wireless access interface over a reservedset of resources allows for the formation of a virtual D2D carrier whichincludes a data region and a control region. Through the use of suchdata and control regions, the D2D virtual carrier may operateindependently from conventional LTE networks and therefore allows thesecond wireless access interface to operate both in and outside coverageareas.

Although a D2D virtual carrier may operate independently in terms ofcontrol signalling and resource allocation, use of a predeterminedsecond set of resources allows network elements to permanently reserveresources of the first set of resources for the provision of a D2Dvirtual carrier. This therefore overcomes the need for the first andsecond resource sets to be altered in order to avoid conflictingresource allocations when a D2D virtual carrier enters the coverage areaof a network element. Similarly, although the location of the controlregion within the second wireless access interface may be varied,providing it in a fixed or predetermined location allows D2Dcommunications devices to enter a reduced power mode in between controltransmissions thus reducing power consumption.

Various further aspects and embodiments of the disclosure are providedin the appended claims, including but not limited to coordinatingentities and method for performing device-to-device communications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described by way ofexample only with reference to the accompanying drawing in which likeparts are provided with corresponding reference numerals and in which:

FIG. 1 provides a schematic diagram of a mobile communications system;

FIG. 2 provides a schematic diagram of the structure of a downlink of awireless access interface of a mobile communications system;

FIG. 3 provides a schematic diagram of an uplink of a wireless accessinterface of a mobile communications system;

FIG. 4 provides a schematic diagram of a mobile communications system inwhich communications devices are operable to perform device-to-devicecommunications;

FIGS. 5 a to 5 d provides schematics diagrams of exampledevice-to-device communications scenarios;

FIG. 6 provides a schematic diagram of a device-to-device virtualcarrier within an uplink of a wireless access interface of mobilecommunications system;

FIG. 7 provides a schematic diagram of a device-to-device virtualcarrier within an uplink of a wireless access interface of mobilecommunications system; and

FIG. 8 provides a schematic diagram of a communications device and anetwork entity of a mobile communications system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

Conventional Communications System

FIG. 1 provides a schematic diagram of a conventional mobiletelecommunications system 100, where the system includes mobilecommunications devices 101, infrastructure equipment 102 and a corenetwork 103. The infrastructure equipment may also be referred to as abase station, network element, enhanced node B (eNodeB) or acoordinating entity for example, and provides a wireless accessinterface to the one or more communications devices within a coveragearea or cell. The one or more mobile communications devices maycommunicate data via the transmission and reception of signalsrepresenting data using the wireless access interface. The networkentity 102 is communicatively linked to the core network 103 where thecore network may be connected to one or more other communicationssystems or networks which have a similar structure to that formed fromcommunications devices 101 and infrastructure equipment 102. The corenetwork may also provide functionality including authentication,mobility management, charging and so on for the communications devicesserved by the network entity. The mobile communications devices of FIG.1 may also be referred to as communications terminals, user equipment(UE), terminal devices and so forth, and are configured to communicatewith one or more other communications devices served by the same or adifferent coverage area via the network entity. These communications maybe performed by transmitting and receiving signals representing datausing the wireless access interface over the two way communicationslinks represented by lines 104 to 109, where 104, 106 and 108 representdownlink communications from the network entity to the communicationsdevices and 105, 107 and 109 represent the uplink communications fromthe communications devices to the network entity. The communicationssystem 100 may operate in accordance with any known protocol, forinstance in some examples the system 100 may operate in accordance withthe 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard where the network entity andcommunications devices are commonly referred to as eNodeB and UEs,respectively.

FIG. 2 provides a simplified schematic diagram of the structure of adownlink of a wireless access interface that may be provided by or inassociation with the eNodeB of FIG. 1 when the communications system isoperating in accordance with the LTE standard. In LTE systems thewireless access interface of the downlink from an eNodeB to a UE isbased upon an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) accessradio interface. In an OFDM interface the resources of the availablebandwidth are divided in frequency into a plurality of orthogonalsubcarriers and data is transmitted in parallel on a plurality oforthogonal subcarriers, where bandwidths between 1.25 MHZ and 20 MHzbandwidth may be divided into 128 to 2048 orthogonal subcarriers forexample. Each subcarrier bandwidth may take any value but in LTE it isfixed at 15 KHz. As shown in FIG. 2 , the resources of the wirelessaccess interface are also temporally divided into frames where a frame200 last 10 ms and is subdivided into 10 subframes 201 each with aduration of 1 ms. Each subframe is formed from 14 OFDM symbols and isdivided into two slots each of which comprise six or seven OFDM symbolsdepending on whether a normal or extended cyclic prefix is beingutilised between OFDM symbols for the reduction of intersymbolinterference. The resources within a slot may be divided into resourcesblocks 203 each comprising 12 subcarriers for the duration of one slotand the resources blocks further divided into resource elements 204which span one subcarrier for one OFDM symbol, where each rectangle 204represents a resource element.

In the simplified structure of the downlink of an LTE wireless accessinterface of FIG. 2 , each subframe 201 comprises a control region 205for the transmission of control data, a data region 206 for thetransmission of user data, reference signals 207 and synchronisationsignals, which are interspersed in the control and data regions inaccordance with a predetermined pattern. The control region 204 maycontain a number of physical channels for the transmission of controldata, such as a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), a physicalcontrol format indicator channel (PCFICH) and a physical HARQ indicatorchannel (PHICH). The data region may contain a number of physicalchannels for the transmission of data, such as a physical downlinkshared channel (PDSCH) and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). Furtherinformation on the structure and functioning of the physical channels ofLTE systems can be found in [11].

Resources within the PDSCH may be allocated by an eNodeB to UEs beingserved by the eNodeB. For example, a number of resource blocks of thePDSCH may be allocated to a UE in order that it may receive data that ithas previously requested or data which is being pushed to it by theeNodeB, such as radio resource control (RRC) signalling. In FIG. 2 , UE1has been allocated resources 208 of the data region 206, UE2 resources209 and UE resources 210. UEs in a an LTE system may be allocated afraction of the available resources of the PDSCH and therefore UEs arerequired to be informed of the location of their allocated resourceswithin the PDCSH. In order to achieve this, resource control informationspecifying downlink resource allocations is conveyed across the PDCCH ina form termed downlink control information (DCI), where resourceallocations for a PDSCH are communicated in a preceding PDCCH instancein the same subframe. During a resource allocation procedure, UEs thusmonitor the PDCCH for DCI addressed to them and once such a DCI isdetected, receive the DCI and detect and estimate the data from therelevant part of the PDSCH.

FIG. 3 provides a simplified schematic diagram of the structure of anuplink of an LTE wireless access interface that may be provided by or inassociation with the eNodeB of FIG. 1 . In LTE networks the uplinkwireless access interface is based upon a single carrier frequencydivision multiplexing FDM (SC-FDM) interface and downlink and uplinkwireless access interfaces may be provided by frequency divisionduplexing (FDD) or time division duplexing (TDD), where in TDDimplementations subframes switch between uplink and downlink subframesin accordance with predefined patterns. However, regardless of the formof duplexing used, a common uplink frame structure is utilised. Thesimplified structure of FIG. 3 illustrates such an uplink frame in anFDD implementation. A frame 300 is divided in to 10 subframes 301 of 1ms duration where each subframe 301 comprises two slots 302 of 0.5 msduration. Each slot is then formed from seven OFDM symbols 303 where acyclic prefix 304 is inserted between each symbol in a manner equivalentto that in downlink subframes. In FIG. 3 a normal cyclic prefix is usedand therefore there are seven OFDM symbols within a subframe, however,if an extended cyclic prefix were to be used, each slot would containonly six OFDM symbols. The resources of the uplink subframes are alsodivided into resource blocks and resource elements in a similar mannerto downlink subframes.

Each uplink subframe may include a plurality of different channels, forexample a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) 305, a physical uplinkcontrol channel (PUCCH) 306, and a physical random access channel(PRACH). The physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) may carry controlinformation such as ACK/NACK to the eNodeB for downlink transmissions,scheduling request indicators (SRI) for UEs wishing to be scheduleduplink resources, and feedback of downlink channel state information(CSI) for example. The PUSCH may carry UE uplink data or some uplinkcontrol data. Resources of the PUSCH are granted via PDCCH, such a grantbeing typically triggered by communicating to the network the amount ofdata ready to be transmitted in a buffer at the UE. The PRACH may beused for UE connection initiation and may be scheduled in any of theresources of an uplink frame in accordance with a one of a plurality ofPRACH patterns that may be signalled to UE in downlink signalling suchas system information blocks. As well physical uplink channels, uplinksubframes may also include reference signals. For example, demodulationreference signals (DMRS) 307 and sounding reference signals (SRS) 308may be present in an uplink subframe, where the DMRS occupy the fourthsymbol of a slot in which PUSCH is transmitted and are used for decodingof PUCCH and PUSCH data, and where SRS are used for uplink channelestimation at the eNodeB. Further information on the structure andfunctioning of the physical channels of LTE systems can be found in[11].

In an analogous manner to the resources of the PDSCH, resources of thePUSCH are required to be scheduled or granted by the serving eNodeB.Therefore if data is to be transmitted by a UE, resources of the PUSCHare required to be granted to the UE by the eNodeB, where uplink grantsmay for example be indicated to a UE via DCI conveyed by the PDDCH.Uplink resources may be granted by an eNodeB in a number ofcircumstances, for example a grant may be provided in response to a UEtransmitting a scheduling request or a buffer status report to itsserving eNodeB.

Although similar in structure to downlink subframes, uplink subframeshave a different control structure to downlink subframes, in particularthe upper 309 and lower 310 subcarriers/frequencies/resource blocks ofan uplink subframe are reserved for control signalling rather than theinitial symbols of a downlink subframe. Furthermore, although theresource allocation procedure for the downlink and uplink are relativelysimilar, the actual structure of the resources that may be allocated mayvary due to the different characteristics of the OFDM and SC-FDMinterfaces that are used in the downlink and uplink respectively. InOFDM each subcarrier is individually modulated and therefore it is notnecessary that frequency/subcarrier allocation are contiguous. However,in SC-FDM subcarriers are modulated in combination and therefore ifefficient use of the available resources are to be made contiguousfrequency allocations for each UE are preferable.

As a result of the above described wireless interface structure andoperation, one or more UEs may communicate data to one another via acoordinating eNodeB, thus forming a conventional cellulartelecommunications system. Although cellular communications system suchas those based on the previously released LTE standards have beencommercially successful, a number of disadvantages are associated withsuch centralised systems. For example, if two UEs which are in closeproximity wish to communicate with each other, uplink and downlinkresources sufficient to convey the data are required. Consequently, twoportions of the system's resources are being used to convey a singleportion of data. A second disadvantage is that an eNodeB is required ifUEs, even when in close proximity, wish to communicate with one another.These limitations may be problematic when the system is experiencinghigh load or eNodeB coverage is not available, for instance in remoteareas or when eNodeBs are not functioning correctly. Overcoming theselimitations may increase both the capacity and efficiency of LTEnetworks but also lead to the creations of new revenue possibilities forLTE network operators.

Device-to-Device Communications

D2D communications offer the possibility to address the aforementionedproblems of network capacity and the requirement of network coverage forcommunications between LTE devices. For example, if user data can becommunicated directly between UEs only one set of resource is requiredto communicate the data rather than both uplink and downlink resources.Furthermore, if UEs are capable of communicating directly, UEs withinrange of each other may communicate even when outside of a coverage areaprovided an eNodeB. As a result of these potential benefits, theintroduction of D2D capabilities into LTE systems has been proposed.

FIG. 4 provides a schematic diagram of a mobile communications system400 that is substantially similar to that described with reference toFIG. 1 but where the UEs 401 402 403 are also operable to perform directdevice-to-device (D2D) communications with one another. D2Dcommunications comprise UEs directly communicating data between oneanother without user and or control data being communicated via adedicated coordinating entity such as an eNodeB. For example, in FIG. 4communications between the UEs 401 402 403 415 and the eNodeB 304 are inaccordance with the existing LTE standard, but as well as communicatingvia the uplink and downlinks 405 to 410, when the UEs 401 to 403 arewithin range of each other they may also communicate directly with oneanother via the D2D communication links 411 to 414. In FIG. 4 D2Dcommunications links are indicated by dashed lines and are shown toexist between 401 and 402, and 402 and 403 but not between 401 and 403because these UEs are not sufficiently close together to directlytransmit and receive signals to and from one another. D2D communicationslinks are also shown not to exist between 415 and other UEs because UE415 is not capable of D2D communications. A situation such as thatillustrated in FIG. 4 may exist in an LTE network where UE 415 is adevice not compliant with the specifications for D2D operation.

In FIG. 4 , if UE 402 wishes to perform D2D communications with UE 414as illustrated by the D2D communications link 414, UE 402 may follow anumber of possible approaches. In a first example approach, UE 402 maybegin broadcasting the data it wishes to transmit without knowledge ofwhether there are potential receiving UEs within range. Consequently,little or no setup procedure is required. However, although simple, suchan approach may result in a reduced probability of a successfultransmission compared to a coordinated transmission as little noinformation is available to UE 402 on the recipients of thetransmission. In an alternative approach the transmitting UE 402 mayacquire knowledge of the other D2D capable UEs within range prior totransmission and then provide an indication an impending transmission.In an LTE system this may be achieved for example by each UEperiodically transmitting a discovery signal containing a unique“discovery” identifier that identifies UEs to one another.Alternatively, a serving eNodeB or coordinating entity may compile alist of UEs within its coverage area capable of performing D2Dcommunications and distribute the list to the appropriate UEs within itscoverage area. By virtue of either of the above processes the UE 401 maydiscover UE 402, UE 402 may discover UEs 401 and 403, and UE 403 maydiscover UE 402. Once UE 402 is aware of the existence of UE 403, UE 402may then proceed to transmit data in accordance with any suitableresource allocation procedure.

Previously Proposed D2D Systems

As described above, it has previously been proposed to provide somearrangement for D2D communication within standards which definecommunications systems according to LTE. A number of possible approachesto the implementation of LTE D2D communications exist. For example, thewireless access interface provided for communications between UEs andeNodeB may be used for D2D communications, where an eNodeB allocates therequired resources and control signalling is communicated via the eNodeBbut user data is transmitted directly between UEs.

The wireless access interface utilised for D2D communications may beprovided in accordance with any of a number of techniques, such ascarrier sense multiple access (CSMA), OFDM or a combination thereof forexample as well as an OFDM/SC-FDMA 3GPP LTE based wireless accessinterface. For example it has been proposed in document R2-133840 [1] touse a Carrier Sensed Multiple Access, CSMA, co-ordinations oftransmission by UEs, which is un-coordinated/contention based schedulingby each UE. Each UE first listens then transmits on an unused resource.

In another example, UEs may communicate with each other by negotiatingaccess to a wireless access interface directly, thus overcoming the needfor a coordinating eNodeB. Examples of previously proposed arrangementsinclude those in which one of the UEs of the group acts as a controllingentity to co-ordinate the transmissions of the other members of thegroup. Examples of such proposals are provided in the followingdisclosures:

-   -   [2] R2-133990, Network control for Public Safety D2D        Communications; Orange, Huawei, HiSilicon, Telecom Italia    -   [3] R2-134246, The Synchronizing Central Node for Out of        Coverage D2D Communication; General Dynamics Broadband UK    -   [4] R2-134426, Medium Access for D2D communication; LG        Electronics Inc

In another arrangement one of the UEs of the group first sends ascheduling assignment, and then transmits data without a centralscheduling UE or controlling entity controlling the transmissions. Thefollowing disclosures provide examples of this de-centralisedarrangement:

-   -   [5] R2-1342381, D2D Scheduling Procedure; Ericsson;    -   [6] R2-134248, Possible mechanisms for resource selection in        connectionless D2D voice communication; General Dynamics        Broadband UK;    -   [7] R2-134431, Simulation results for D2D voice services using        connectionless approach General Dynamics Broadband UK

In particular, the last two contributions listed above, R2-134248 [6],R2-134431 [7], disclose the use of a scheduling channel, used by UEs toindicate their intention to schedule data along with the resources thatwill be used. The other disclosure, R2-134238 [5], does not use ascheduling channel as such, but deploys at least some predefinedresources to send the scheduling assignments.

Other example arrangements disclosed in [8] and [9] require a basestation to provide feedback to the communications devices to controltheir transmissions. Document [10] discloses an arrangement in which adedicated resource exchanging channel is provided between cellular userequipment and device-to-device user equipment for interference controland resource coordination.

Although a number of different wireless access interface arrangementsmay be used for D2D communications, it is likely that LTE D2Dcommunications will be performed over spectrum allocated to LTEcommunications. Consequently, it has been previously proposed that whenwithin a coverage area of an LTE network, D2D transmission are performedthe uplink spectrum and that SC-FDM is used. Furthermore, as one of themotivating factors behind D2D communication is the increase in capacitythat may result, utilising the downlink for D2D communications is maynot be appropriate.

As a result of the possible approaches to the organisation of a D2Ddevices and networks, a number of network topologies may arise. Aselection of example topologies are provided by FIGS. 5 a to 5 d whereeach may cause different problems regarding the allocation of resources,the operation of D2D communications alongside conventional LTEcommunication, and the movement of D2D capable devices between coverageareas provided by eNodeBs.

In FIG. 5 a UEs 501 and 502 are outside of a coverage area of an eNodeB,consequently, the D2D devices may communicate with no or at leastreduced regard for interference that may be caused by their D2Dcommunications to neighbouring LTE networks. Such a scenario may occurin public safety communications for example, where either the UEs areoutside of a coverage area or where the relevant mobile communicationsnetwork is not currently functioning correctly. In such a scenario thecommunicating UEs may either negotiate directly with one another toallocate resources and coordinate communications, or one of the UEs or athird UE may act as a coordinating entity and therefore perform resourceallocation.

In FIG. 5 b UE 501 is within a coverage area 504 of an eNodeB 503 and isperforming D2D communications with UE 502 which is outside the coveragearea 503. In contrast to the scenario of FIG. 5 a , by virtue of UE 501being within the coverage area of the eNodeB 503, D2D communications maycause interference to conventional LTE communications within thecoverage area. Consequently, D2D resource allocations and transmissionsmay have to be coordinated around those within the coverage area 504 soconventional LTE communications are unaffected by D2D transmissions.This may be achieved in a number of ways, for example the eNodeB maycoordinate the resource allocation for the D2D communications so thatD2D resources and conventional LTE resources do not overlap. Anyallocations may then be relayed to UE 502 by UE 501. Alternatively, UE 1or UE2 via UE1 may for example perform resource allocation and theninform the eNodeB of the resources being utilised for D2Dcommunications. The eNodeB will then reserve these resources for D2Dcommunications.

In FIG. 5 c both UE 501 and 502 are within the coverage area of theeNodeB 503, consequently, coordination between the eNodeB and UEs willbe required if D2D communications are to be performed without causinginterference to conventional LTE communications within the coveragearea. Such coordination may be achieved in a similar way to thatdescribed with reference to FIG. 5 b but in the case of FIG. 5 c UE 502is also within the coverage area and therefore the relaying of resourceallocation signals by UE1 to the eNodeB from UE 2 may not be required.

In FIG. 5 d a fourth more complex D2D scenario is illustrated, where UE501 and UE 502 are each within the coverage areas 504 505 of differenteNodeBs 503 and 504 respectively. As for the scenarios of FIGS. 5 b and5 c , coordination between the UEs performing D2D communications will berequired if interference between D2D communications and conventional LTEcommunications is to be avoided. However, the presence of two eNodeBrequires that resource allocations by the eNodeBs within the coverageareas 504 and 505 are required to be coordinated around the D2Dresources allocations.

FIGS. 5 a to 5 d illustrates just four of a large number of possible D2Dusage scenarios, where further scenarios may be formed from combinationsof those illustrated in FIGS. 5 a to 5 d . For example, two UEscommunicating as shown in FIG. 5 a may move into the usage scenario ofFIG. 5 d such that there are two groups of UEs performing D2Dcommunications in the coverage areas of two eNodeBs.

As previously described it is desirable that D2D communications cause noor as few as reasonable adverse effects on conventional LTEcommunications when within a coverage area of one or more eNodeBs.Therefore, to accomplish D2D communications in such situations,coordination is required between the UEs wishing the preform D2Dcommunications and the serving eNodeB or predetermined knowledge of D2Dresources are required, so that D2D and conventional LTE communicationsare not scheduled for a same set of resources. Furthermore, it is alsodesirable that D2D resource allocations and transmission do notinterfere with and are transparent to legacy UEs or UEs not currentlyperforming D2D communications. Consequently, an efficient D2D resourceallocation procedure that is substantially transparent to other UEs isdesirable. In the foregoing description D2D communications are describedwith reference to an LTE system, however the presently disclosedtechniques are equally applicable to other LTE system structures andother systems which are compatible with D2D communications.

Device-to-Device Virtual Carrier

In accordance with the present disclosure, in order to alleviateinterference that may be caused by D2D transmissions, a proportion ofthe resources/frequencies of a frequency range allocated for uplink LTEtransmissions is reserved for D2D communications. Consequently, when D2DUEs are within a coverage area, the serving eNodeB can ensure thatconventional UEs are not allocated resources in a set of resourcesreserved for D2D communications, either by transmitting appropriatesystem information or simply by not scheduling data in the reservedresources. The configuration of the resources within the reservedfrequency range/resources may take any form but it may be advantageousif the resources are arranged such that an independent orsemi-independent D2D carrier is formed. By virtue of the provision ofsuch a D2D virtual carrier, control resources of the LTE uplink (e.g.PUCCH or PUSCH) may be conserved and scheduling within the D2D virtualcarrier performed by participating D2D UEs and or a coordinating entity,with the resulting scheduling information transmitted across the D2Dvirtual carrier. The use of a D2D virtual carrier independent from anLTE uplink in terms of resource control also enables the D2D virtualcarrier to be used outside of coverage areas of LTE networks whereresource scheduling may be required to be negotiated directly betweenUEs or coordinated by a selected UE which acts as a coordinating entity.An illustration of an example implementation of a D2D virtual carrier isprovided by FIG. 6 , where the allocation of each resource element isshown.

In FIG. 6 , an uplink LTE wireless access interface associated with aserving eNodeB spans a first frequency range 600 and comprises a firstset of resources 609 to 612, where the channels of the uplink subframesare configured in a similar manner to those described with reference toFIG. 3 . However, within the frequency range 600 there is a second setof resources formed from resources 610 which are for preferableallocation for use for D2D communications. The second set of resources610 is within the first frequency range and is formed from resources ofthe first set of resources. The second set of resources 610 is inresources conventionally available for PUSCH and PUSCH DMRS, and doesnot include the resources 609 and 612 in which the PUCCH and PUCCH DMRSare located. Consequently, the structure of the uplink wireless accessinterface as described with reference to FIG. 3 is maintained in theremainder of the first set of resources outside of the second set ofresources. Maintaining this structure, and in particular the controlstructure, allows the introduction of a set of resources reserved forD2D communications to be transparent to UEs communicating with theEUTRAN in a conventional manner, which is an important considerationwhen altering the resource allocation of LTE wireless access interfaces.The set of resources 611 encompasses the PUSCH and PUSCH DMRS resourcesof the uplink which have not been reserved for D2D communications and itis these resources that may be allocated to LTE UEs wishing to performconventional uplink LTE communications. To further ensure that thereservation of resources for D2D communications appears transparent toUEs not participating in D2D communications, the serving eNodeBpreferably does not schedule uplink resources for other UEs in thesecond set of resources. In some examples, the second set of resourcesmay span or extend across a second frequency range/band 601 which issmaller than the first frequency range/band 600, where the firstfrequency range is formed from frequencies 601 to 604. The eNodeB maythen provide an indication of the second frequency range in systeminformation transmitted in the downlink.

Within the second set of resources 610, a D2D virtual carrier may beestablished. As described above, the use of a virtual carrier allows D2Dcommunications to be performed independently of a serving eNodeB andtherefore enables the D2D virtual carrier to be used both in and out ofcoverage. To achieve independent operation of the D2D virtual carrier,the second set of resource are temporally divided into at least acontrol channel/region and a data channel/region, where the controlchannel may be used for example for conveying scheduling and resourceallocation for the resources of the second set of resources such as thedata channel. In FIG. 6 the resources 605 are utilised for a schedulingassignment (SA) or control channel, where data conveyed by the SAchannel provides an indication of the allocation of the D2D dataresource pool 606 or data channel. However, in other examples a controlchannel of the conventional LTE wireless access interface may be used toconvey resource allocation information such that the resource 605 may beused for other control information such as conflict resolution orinterference reporting for example for D2D communications The SA channelmay occur periodically in the D2D virtual carrier and in some examplesmay not be present in every subframe or slot and thus a single instanceof the SA channel may convey resource allocations for one or moresubsequent slots or subframes. In FIG. 6 for example the SA channelsprovide an indication of scheduling assignments for two subsequentsubframes. In FIG. 6 the SA channel is also shown to span substantiallythe entirety of the second frequency band 601 and although this isbeneficial from a bandwidth efficiency perspective due to the preferencefor contiguous frequency allocations in SC-FDM, in some examples the SAchannel may have a bandwidth smaller than that of the second frequencyband or resources less than the second set of resources. As well ashaving a variable bandwidth, the duration of the SA channel may alsovary.

The SA channel may operate in accordance with a number of differenttechniques, examples of which are given below. In the case where the D2Dvirtual carrier is implemented as an independent carrier without theneed for a serving eNodeB, resource allocations within the D2D dataresources 606 may be negotiated directly between UEs. For example, a UEthat wishes to transmit may provide an indication of the resources itintends to use in the D2D data resources 606 and the intended recipientacross the SA channel. If no conflicting resource schedulingtransmissions are detected by the UE it will then proceed to transmitthe user data in the previously indicated resources. If a conflictingscheduling request is detected, the UE may delay its transmission inaccordance with a back-off period, and at the expiry of the back-offperiod transmit a second resource scheduling indication. However, forsuch a scheduling request channel to be implemented, a form ofcontention resolution may also be required in order to resolvesituations where multiple requests are transmitted substantiallysimultaneously.

In a second possible implementation of the SA channel, a UEparticipating in D2D communications may be selected as a coordinatingentity, and scheduling requests then submitted to the coordinatingentity via the SA channel. The coordinating entity will then determineresource allocation for example in a similar manner to that performed byan eNodeB in a conventional LTE system.

In a third possible implementation of the SA channel, an eNodeB isrequired to perform the role of a coordinating entity, where requestsfor resources are submitted to the eNodeB via the SA channel and theeNodeB then determines resource allocation for the D2D data resources606. Although this implementation may simplify the process of resourceallocation and reduce the burden on individual D2D UEs, the requirementfor D2D communications to be performed within a coverage area restrictsthe scenarios to which D2D communication may be used. Accordingly, thefirst and second example implementations of the SA channel may provide amore versatile D2D virtual carrier which is capable of operating bothinside and outside an LTE coverage area.

As in conventional uplink LTE communications, in D2D communicationsreference symbols may also be required to be transmitted so thattransmissions can be demodulated and estimated accurately at thereceiving UE. In an LTE uplink the DMRS provide reference symbols andare transmitted along with data and control by a UE, where the referencesymbols are transmitted on the same frequency as the uplink data andthereby at least reduced or no frequency interpolation is required. InFIG. 6 reference symbols are shown to be transmitted in the resources607 and are transmitted during each slot with a similar periodicity tothe DMRS of the conventional LTE uplink. However, the D2D referencesymbols may be transmitted according to any periodicity appropriate tothe coherence time of the channel over which the D2D UEs arecommunicating or the need for resources for purposes other thanreference symbols or the priority of the data or control the referencesymbols are to be used to demodulate for example. The SA channel,reference symbols and data resources may be arranged according to anysuitable pattern but it may be advantageous if the reference symbols aretransmitted in resources positioned directly adjacent to or in closeproximity to those allocated for the SA channel. Transmission in suchresource position may then enable the detection and estimation of theinformation transmitted across the SA channel to be performed with no orat least reduced interpolation of channel estimates formed from thereference symbols. As well as increasing the likelihood of accuratedetection and estimation of data transmitted across the SA channel,adjacent positioning of the reference symbols also allows the US toenter a recued-power state such as discontinuous reception (DRX). Inparticular, the transmission of the reference symbols and SA data inclose proximity in time allows UEs to enter a DRX state in betweeninstances of the SA channel when they are not scheduled to receive data.The positioning of the reference symbols and SA channel in apredetermined position or according to a predetermined pattern alsoassists a UE to reliably exit a DRX state because the UE has knowledgeof the position in time of the next SA channel instance. In addition tothe DRX benefits, utilising a fixed or periodic position of the SAchannel and reference symbols also enables UEs to avoid preforming ablind search to establish the location of the SA channel, thus reducingenergy consumption further at the UE.

In an analogous manner to the PDSCH in the LTE downlink described withreference to FIG. 2 , the D2D data resources 606 of the D2D virtualcarrier may be shared between D2D UEs. Consequently, the above describedD2D virtual carrier may be viewed as a virtual D2D downlink where the SAchannel has a purpose that corresponds to a PDCCH and the D2D dataresources has a purpose that corresponds a PDSCH. These correspondingpurposes may enable resource allocation routines that correspond tothose used in the LTE downlink to be used for the D2D virtual carrier,thus simplifying the introduction of a D2D virtual carrier in to LTEsystems.

The second set of resources could be disposed at any locations withinthe PUSCH region of the first frequency band or first set of resources.In examples where the second set of resources extends across or isarranged within a second frequency band 601, the second frequency bandmay be positioned at any point within the PUSCH of the first frequencyband when operating within an LTE coverage area. However, when outsideof a coverage area the second frequency range and the second set ofresources that may be disposed therein may be positioned in anyavailable spectrum, although as described above it is likely that itwill still be within spectrum allocated for LTE networks. Although thesecond frequency band may be flexibly positioned, when within coveragearea it may be advantageous if it is positioned adjacent to the upper orlower PUCCH in frequency in order that the remaining PUSCH is contiguousin frequency.

Regardless of the exact positioning of the second set of resources, itis important that when in a coverage area the serving eNodeB hasknowledge of the placement of the second set of resources so it mayallocate resource of the PUSCH around the second set of resources, thusmaintaining compatibility with other UEs. Knowledge of the positioningof the second set of resources may be provided by virtue of it beingpositioned in predetermined location within the first frequency band sothat eNodeBs may permanently reserve the corresponding resources of thePUSCH or reserve these resources when D2D communications or D2D capableUEs are detected. In the case there is the second frequency range withinwhich the second set of resources is disposed, where the secondfrequency range this may be positioned in a predetermined locationrelative to an edge or the centre etc. or the first frequency range.Alternatively, the second set of resources may be positioned in anylocation relative to the first set of resources outside of thefrequencies reserved for the PUCCH. In such an approach a D2D UE withina coverage area may detect or be provided with an indication of theuplink structure and initiate the positioning of the D2D virtual carrieraccordingly. If a D2D virtual carrier is established when theparticipating UEs are outside of a coverage area but one or more theparticipating UEs subsequently enters a converge area, it would bebeneficial if the resources allocations of the D2D virtual carrier andconventional LTE uplink do not conflict. To reduce the likelihood ofconflicting resource allocations in such a scenario, UEs entering acoverage area may provide an indication of the second set of resourcesand/or second frequency band to the serving eNodeB which then uses theresources of the uplink accordingly. Alternatively, the serving eNodeBmay provide an indication to D2D devices of the second frequency rangeor second set of resources within the first frequency range which theeNodeB wishes the D2D virtual carrier to operate over and reserveresources of the LTE uplink accordingly. If control of the positioningof the D2D virtual carrier is to be ceded to an eNodeB when UEsperforming D2D communications enter a coverage area, the serving eNodeBmay require knowledge of the position of the D2D virtual carrier so thatresource of the uplink can be reserved or control signals on the SAchannel can be transmitted. Knowledge of the positioning of the D2Dvirtual carrier may for example be provided via the provision of anindication from a UE or via direct detection by the eNodeB.

In FIG. 6 the second set of resources and therefore the virtual carrierare illustrated as being continuous in time. The provision of atime-continuous carrier reduces the need for accurate timesynchronisation between transmissions over a D2D virtual carrier and LTEuplink subframes as a lack of time-synchronisation will result in littleinterference between D2D operation and normal cellular operation. Thismay be particularly beneficial when UEs that established a D2D virtualcarrier outside of a coverage area enter into a coverage area, as theD2D virtual carrier and the LTE uplink frame are unlikely to besynchronised. Once the D2D virtual carrier is operating within an LTEuplink frames the D2D virtual carrier may synchronise with the LTEuplink frames by virtue of the D2D UEs synchronisation within the LTEuplink frames.

The D2D virtual carrier may be implemented in both FDD and TDD LTEsystems, where in TDD the virtual carrier will only be provided inuplink LTE subframes, if D2D is restricted to operate in uplinkresources. In both FDD and TDD LTE systems the D2D virtual carrier maynot be provided in every uplink from but rather provided when requestedby a D2D UE or according to a predetermined pattern. For example, in anFDD system resources for a D2D virtual carrier may be reserved by aserving eNodeB for four subframes in each frame so that the effect ofthe D2D virtual carrier on the capacity of the PUSCH is reduced comparedto reserving PUSCH resources for a D2D virtual carrier in all subframes.

In the example of FIG. 6 a single D2D virtual carrier is provided in thefirst bandwidth 600, however in other examples two or more D2D virtualcarriers may be provided. For example, two independent D2D groups may beoperating within the coverage area of a single eNodeB and unless theeNodeB coordinates control signalling between the two groups, it wouldbe advantageous if resources were reserved for two independent D2Dvirtual carriers or subcarriers. Thus the two D2D groups may operateindependently. FIG. 7 provides an illustration of a LTE system where twoD2D virtual carriers have been positioned with the uplink of an LTEsystem.

In FIG. 7 the first D2D virtual carrier is provided across the frequencyrange 601 in a manner corresponding to that described with reference toFIG. 6 . However, a second D2D virtual carrier is also provided in thefirst frequency range 600. The second D2D virtual carrier is providedacross the frequency range 701 where the remaining bandwidth 702 of thefirst frequency range is used as a conventional PUSCH, where DMRS areprovided in the resources 703. The second D2D virtual carrier has astructure similar to the first D2D virtual carrier provided across thefrequency range 601, where the reference symbols 704 are providedadjacent to the SA channel 705 according to a periodic pattern. Althoughthe two D2D virtual carriers are illustrated as having a same bandwidth,their bandwidths may be different and in some examples may be dependenton the size the of corresponding D2D groups and thus the number of UEsthat wish to communicate using each D2D virtual carrier. Likewise, thebandwidth of a D2D virtual carrier may be time-varying depending on theresources available in the uplink LTE frames and the capacityrequirements of the D2D communications.

Although a D2D virtual carrier may be provided within the frequencyrange of an LTE uplink wireless access interface, due to the independentnature of the a D2D virtual carrier, resource blocks within the D2Dvirtual carrier may be altered in size compared to existing resourceblocks and in some examples the subcarrier spacing may be altered,therefore providing more flexible resource allocation. However, it wouldbe preferable to limit the subcarrier spacing to the conventional 15 KHzsubcarrier spacing or multiples thereof in order to reduce thelikelihood of inter-frequency interference.

FIG. 8 provides a schematic diagram of a UE 800 and an eNodeB 810 inwhich examples of the presently disclosed technique may be implemented.The UE includes a transmitter 801, a receiver 802 and a controller 803,where the controller is configured to control the receiver 802 to detectsignals representing control data and user data transmitted by theeNodeB 810, and to estimate the data conveyed by the signals. Thecontroller 803 is also configured to control the transmitter 801 totransmit signals representing uplink control data and user data to theeNodeB. In examples where the UE 800 is capable of performing D2Dcommunications, the controller is also configured to control thetransmitter 801 and the receiver 802 to transmit and receive signalsrepresenting D2D control and user data to and from an eNodeB and otherUEs. The UE 800 may also be configured to act as a coordinating entityin a D2D group when members are out of coverage of an eNodeB. Althoughin FIG. 8 the UE 800 is illustrated as comprising a separate transmitterand receiver, it may instead comprise a transceiver which is configuredin combination with the controller to implement the aforementionedfeatures and techniques. The controller 803 may comprise a processorunit which is suitably configured/programmed to provide the desiredfunctionality described herein using conventionalprogramming/configuration techniques for equipment in wirelesstelecommunications systems. The transmitter 801, receiver 802 andcontroller 803 are schematically shown in FIG. 8 as separate elementsfor ease of representation. However, it will be appreciated thefunctionality of these units can be provided in various different ways,for example using a single suitably programmed general purpose computer,or suitably configured application-specific integratedcircuit(s)/circuitry, or using a plurality of discretecircuitry/processing elements for providing different elements of thedesired functionality. It will be appreciated the UE 800 will in generalcomprise various other elements associated with its operatingfunctionality in accordance with established wireless telecommunicationstechniques (e.g. a power source, possibly a user interface, and soforth).

The eNodeB 810 includes a transmitter 811, a receiver 812 and acontroller 813, where the controller 813 is configured to control thetransmitter 811 to transmit signals representing control data and userdata to UEs within a coverage area such as the UE 800, thus providing awireless access interface to UEs within the coverage area. Thecontroller 813 is also configured to control the receiver 813 to detectsignals representing user control and uplink data and estimate the dataconveyed by these signals. When D2D capable UEs are within the coveragearea of the eNodeB 810 the controller 813 at the eNodeB may also acts asa coordinating entity thereby allocating resources of the wirelessaccess interface to D2D communications. Although in FIG. 8 the eNodeB810 is illustrated as comprising a separate transmitter and receiver, itmay instead comprise a transceiver which is configured in combinationwith the controller to implement the aforementioned features andtechniques at the eNodeB. The controller 813 may comprise a processorunit which is suitably configured/programmed to provide the desiredfunctionality described herein using conventionalprogramming/configuration techniques for equipment in wirelesstelecommunications systems. The transmitter 811, receiver 812 andcontroller 813 are schematically shown in FIG. 8 as separate elementsfor ease of representation. However, it will be appreciated that thefunctionality of these units can be provided in various different ways,for example using a single suitably programmed general purpose computer,or suitably configured application-specific integratedcircuit(s)/circuitry, or using a plurality of discretecircuitry/processing elements for providing different elements of thedesired functionality. It will be appreciated the eNodeB 810 will ingeneral comprise various other elements associated with its operatingfunctionality in accordance with established wireless telecommunicationstechniques. For example, the eNodeB 810 will in general comprise ascheduling entity responsible for scheduling communications. Thefunctionality of the scheduling entity may, for example, be subsumed bythe controller 813.

Various further aspects and features of the present invention aredefined in the appended claims and various combinations of the featuresof the dependent claims may be made with those of the independent claimsother than the specific combinations recited for the claim dependency.Modifications may also be made to the embodiments hereinbefore describedwithout departing from the scope of the present invention. For instance,although a feature may appear to be described in connection withparticular embodiments, one skilled in the art would recognise thatvarious features of the described embodiments may be combined inaccordance with the disclosure.

The following numbered clauses provide further aspects and examples ofthe present disclosure:

1. A communications device comprising

a transmitter for transmitting signals representing data to a networkelement of a wireless communications system using shared resources of anuplink of a first wireless access interface provided by the networkelement,

a receiver for receiving signals representing data from the networkelement using shared resources of a downlink of the first wirelessaccess interface, wherein allocations of the shared resources are madeby the network element and the uplink of the first wireless accessinterface is within a first set of resources, and

a controller for controlling the transmitter and the receiver totransmit and to receive signals representing data to and from anothercommunications device using a second wireless access interface which iswithin a second set of resources, the second set of resources beingformed from resources of the first set of resources for preferableallocation for device-to-device communications by the network element,and resources of the second wireless access interface are divided intime into at least a data region and a control region.

2. A communications device according to clause 1, wherein signalstransmitted via the control region provide an indication of theallocation of resources within the data region and the controller isconfigured to control the transmitter and the receiver

to transmit and to receive signals representing a resource allocationmessage in the control region, the resource allocation message providingan indication of a set of resources of the data region, and

to transmit and to receive the signals representing data to and from theother communications device using the indicated set of resources.

3. A communications device according to clauses 1 or 2, wherein thefirst set of resources is within a first frequency range and the secondset of resources is within a second frequency range.

4. A communications device according to any preceding clause, whereinthe second set of resources is formed in a predetermined set ofresources of the first set of resources.

5. A communications device according to any preceding clause, whereinthe second wireless access interface includes a reference symbol regionfor providing reference symbols for channel estimation at a receivingcommunications device, and the controller is configured to control thetransmitter and receiver to transmit and to receive reference signalsrepresenting reference symbols in the reference symbol region.

6. A communications device according to clause 5, wherein the controlregion is associated with a reference symbol region, the associatedcontrol regions and reference symbols region being contiguous in time.

7. A communications device according to any preceding clause, whereinthe controller is configured to control the receiver to receive anindication of the second set of resources from the network element.

8. A communications device according to clauses 3 to 7, wherein thesecond frequency range is contiguous in frequency and smaller than andwithin the first frequency range.

9. A communications device according to any preceding clause, whereinthe resources of the second set of resources are contiguous infrequency.

10. A communications device according to any preceding clause, whereinthe control region of the second wireless access interface is positionedin a predetermined set of resources of the second wireless accessinterface.

11. A communications device according to any of clauses 3 to 10, whereinthe uplink of the first wireless access interface includes controlchannels positioned toward the upper and lower frequencies of the firstfrequency range, and the second frequency range is formed usingresources from the shared resources of the first frequency range

12. A communications device according to clause 11, wherein the secondfrequency range is contiguous in frequency with at least one of thecontrol channels.

13. A communications device according to any preceding clause, whereinthe resources of the second wireless access interface are divided into aplurality of control regions, data regions and reference symbol regionsin accordance with a predetermined pattern, and the controller isconfigured to control the receiver, in response to an absence of a dataregion resource allocation relating to the communications device in acontrol region, to enter a reduced-power state.

14. A network element comprising

a transmitter for transmitting signals representing data to acommunications device using shared resources of a downlink of a firstwireless access interface provided by the network element,

a receiver for receiving signals representing data from thecommunications device using shared resources of an uplink of the firstwireless access interface, wherein allocations of the shared resourcesare made by the network element and the uplink of the first wirelessaccess interface is within a first set of resources, and

a controller for preferably allocating a second set of resources formedfrom the first set of resources for use by a second wireless accessinterface, the second wireless access interface being within the secondset of resources and being used for device-to-device communications bythe communications device.

15. A network element according to clause 14, wherein the first wirelessaccess interface includes a at least a data channel and a controlchannel, the control channel providing an indication of the schedulingof the shared resources within the data channel, and the controller isconfigured to form the second set of resources for preferable allocationfor use by the second wireless access interface from resources of thedata channel.

16. A network element according to clauses 14 or 15, wherein thecontroller is configured to control the transmitter to transmit anindication of the second set of resources for preferable allocation foruse by the second wireless access interface to the communicationsdevice.

17. A network element according to any of clauses 14 to 16, wherein thefirst wireless access interface includes a control channel and thesecond set of resources for preferable allocation for use by the secondwireless access interface is contiguous in frequency with the controlchannel.

18. A network element according to any of clauses 14 to 17, wherein theresources of the second wireless access interface are divided in timeinto at least a control region and a data region, signals transmittedacross the control region providing an indication of the allocation ofresources within the data region, and the controller is configured toallocate resources of the data region to the communications device andto control the transmitter to transmit signals providing an indicationof the allocation of resources of the data region in the control region.

19. A coordinating entity comprising

a transmitter for transmitting signals representing data to a networkelement of a wireless communications system using shared resources of anuplink of a first wireless access interface provided by the networkelement,

a receiver for receiving signals representing data from the networkelement using shared resources of a downlink of the first wirelessaccess interface, wherein allocations of the shared resources are madeby the network element and the uplink of the first wireless accessinterface is within a first set of resources, and

a controller for controlling the transmitter and the receiver totransmit and to receive signals representing data to and from acommunications device using resources of a second wireless accessinterface which is within a second set of resources, the second set ofresources being formed from resources of the first set of resources forpreferable allocation for device-to-device communications by the networkelement, and resources of the second wireless access interface aredivided in time into at least a data region and a control region eachwithin the second set of resources.

20. A coordinating entity according to clause 19, wherein the controlleris configured to control the transmitter and the receiver

to receive resource allocation messages from the communications device,the resources allocation messages including a request for an allocationof resources of the second wireless access interface,

to allocate resources of the data region to the first and secondcommunications devices in response to receiving the resource allocationmessages, and

to transmit in the control region signals providing an indication ofallocations of resources within the data region to and from the firstand second communications devices.

21. A wireless communications system comprising a network element and aplurality of communications devices, the network element comprising

a transmitter for transmitting signals representing data to thecommunications devices using shared resources of a downlink of a firstwireless access interface provided by the network element,

a receiver for receiving signals representing data from thecommunications devices using shared resources of an uplink of the firstwireless access interface, allocations of the shared resources beingmade by the network element and the uplink of the first wireless accessinterface is within a first set of resources, and the communicationsdevices comprise

a transmitter for transmitting signals representing data to the networkelement using the shared resources of the uplink of the first wirelessaccess interface,

a receiver for receiving signals representing data from the networkelement using the shared resources of the downlink of the first wirelessaccess interface, and

a controller for controlling the transmitter and the receiver totransmit and to receive signals representing device-to-devicecommunications using resources of a second wireless access interfacewhich is within a second set of resources, the second set of resourcesbeing formed from resources of the first set of resources for preferableallocation for device-to-device communications by the network element,and resources of the second wireless access interface are divided intime into at least a data region and a control region.

22. A method for communicating data to and from a communications device,the method comprising

transmitting signals representing data to a network element of awireless communications system using shared resources of an uplink of afirst wireless access interface provided by the network element,

receiving signals representing data from the network element usingshared resources of a downlink of the first wireless access interface,wherein allocations of the shared resources are made by the networkelement and the uplink of the first wireless access interface is withina first set of resources, and

controlling a transmitter and a receiver to transmit and to receivesignals representing data to and from another communications deviceusing a second wireless access interface which is within a second set ofresources, the second set of resources being formed from resources ofthe first set of resources for preferable allocation fordevice-to-device communications by the network element, and resources ofthe second wireless access interface are divided in time into at least adata region and a control region.

23. A method for communicating data to and from a network element, themethod comprising

transmitting signals representing data to a communications device usingshared resources of a downlink of a first wireless access interfaceprovided by the network element,

receiving signals representing data from the communications device usingshared resources of an uplink of the first wireless access interface,wherein allocations of the shared resources are made by the networkelement and the uplink of the first wireless access interface is withina first set of resources, and

preferably allocating a second set resources formed from the first setof resources and for use by a second wireless access interface, thesecond wireless access interface being within the second set ofresources and being used for device-to-device communications by thecommunications device.

24. A method for communicating data to and from a coordinating entity,the method comprising

transmitting signals representing data to a network element of awireless communications system using shared resources of an uplink of afirst wireless access interface provided by the network element,

receiving signals representing data from the network element usingshared resources of a downlink of the first wireless access interface,wherein allocations of the shared resources are made by the networkelement and the uplink of the first wireless access interface is withina first set of resources,

transmitting and receiving signals representing data to and from acommunications device using resources of a second wireless accessinterface which is within a second set of resources, the second set ofresources being formed from resources of the first set of resources forpreferable allocation for device-to-device communications by the networkelement, and resources of the second wireless access interface aredivided in time into at least a data region and a control region eachwithin the second set of resources.

25. Circuitry for a communications device of a wireless communicationssystem, the circuitry comprising

a transmitter circuit element for transmitting signals representing datato a network element of a wireless communications system using sharedresources of an uplink of a first wireless access interface provided bythe network element,

a receiver circuit element for receiving signals representing data fromthe network element using shared resources of a downlink of the firstwireless access interface, wherein allocations of the shared resourcesare made by the network element and the uplink of the first wirelessaccess interface is within a first set of resources, and

a controller circuit element for controlling the transmitter circuitelement and the receiver circuit element to transmit and to receivesignals representing data to and from another communications deviceusing a second wireless access interface which is within a second set ofresources, the second set of resources being formed from resources ofthe first set of resources for preferable allocation fordevice-to-device communications by the network element, and resources ofthe second wireless access interface are divided in time into at least adata region and a control region.

26. Circuitry for a network element of a wireless communications system,the circuitry comprising

a transmitter circuit element for transmitting signals representing datato a communications device using shared resources of a downlink of afirst wireless access interface provided by the network element,

a receiver circuit element for receiving signals representing data fromthe communications device using shared resources of an uplink of thefirst wireless access interface, wherein allocations of the sharedresources are made by the network element and the uplink of the firstwireless access interface is within a first set of resources, and

a controller circuit element for preferably allocating a second setresources formed from the first set of resources and for use by a secondwireless access interface, the second wireless access interface beingwithin the second set of resources and being used for device-to-devicecommunications by the communications device.

27. Circuitry for a coordinating entity of a wireless communicationssystem, the circuitry comprising

a transmitter circuit element for transmitting signals representing datato a network element of a wireless communications system using sharedresources of an uplink of a first wireless access interface provided bythe network element,

a receiver circuit element for receiving signals representing data fromthe network element using shared resources of a downlink of the firstwireless access interface, wherein allocations of the shared resourcesare made by the network element and the uplink of the first wirelessaccess interface is within a first set of resources, and

a controller circuit element for controlling the transmitter circuitelement and the receiver circuit element to transmit and to receivesignals representing data to and from a communications device usingresources of a second wireless access interface which is within a secondset of resources, the second set of resources being formed fromresources of the first set of resources for preferable allocation fordevice-to-device communications by the network element, and resources ofthe second wireless access interface are divided in time into at least adata region and a control region each within the second set ofresources.

REFERENCES

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A communications device comprising: atransmitter configured to transmit signals representing data to anetwork element of a wireless communications system using sharedresources of an uplink in a first frequency range provided by thenetwork element; a receiver configured to receive signals representingdata from the network element using shared resources of a downlink inthe first frequency range, wherein allocations of the shared resourcesare made by the network element and the uplink of a first wirelessaccess interface is within a first set of resources; and circuitryconfigured to control the transmitter and the receiver to transmit andto receive signals representing data to and from another communicationsdevice using a second set of resources in a second frequency rangeallocated by the network element, the second set of resources beingformed for device-to-device (D2D) communications by the network element,wherein the second set of resources are contiguous in time and frequencyacross an entirety of two contiguous subframes, wherein, within the twocontiguous subframes, the second set of resources is divided in the timedomain into a single D2D control region, plural D2D data regions andplural D2D reference symbol regions in accordance with a predeterminedpattern, wherein the first frequency range and the second frequencyrange are different, and the first set of resources and the second setof resources are different.
 2. A network element comprising: atransmitter configured to transmit signals representing data to acommunications device using shared resources of a downlink in a firstfrequency range provided by the network element; a receiver configuredto receive signals representing data from the communications deviceusing shared resources of an uplink of the first frequency range,wherein allocations of the shared resources are made by the networkelement and the uplink is within a first set of resources within thefirst frequency range; and circuitry configured to allocate a second setof resources for use in a second frequency range, the second set ofresources being used for device-to-device (D2D) communications by thecommunications device, wherein the second set of resources arecontiguous in time and frequency across an entirety of two contiguoussubframes, wherein, within the two contiguous subframes, the second setof resources is divided in the time domain into a single D2D controlregion, plural D2D data regions and plural D2D reference symbol regionsin accordance with a predetermined pattern, wherein the first frequencyrange and the second frequency range are different, and the first set ofresources and the second set of resources are different.
 3. The networkelement of claim 2, wherein the first set of resources in the firstfrequency range includes a control channel, and the second set ofresources is contiguous in frequency with the control channel. 4.Circuitry for a communications device comprising: transceiver circuitryconfigured to: transmit signals representing data to a wirelesscommunications system using shared resources of an uplink in a firstfrequency range, wherein the uplink is within a first set of resourceswithin the first frequency range; and receive signals representing datafrom the wireless communications system using shared resources of adownlink of a first wireless access interface, wherein allocations ofthe shared resources are made by the wireless communications system; andprocessor circuitry configured to perform device-to-device (D2D)communications with another communications device using a second set ofresources within a second frequency range, wherein the second set ofresources is allocated for D2D communications by the wirelesscommunications system, wherein the second set of resources arecontiguous in time and frequency across an entirety of two contiguoussubframes, wherein, within the two contiguous subframes, the second setof resources is divided in the time domain into a single D2D controlregion, plural D2D data regions and plural D2D reference symbol regionsin accordance with a predetermined pattern, wherein the first frequencyrange and the second frequency range are different.
 5. The circuitry ofclaim 4, wherein signals transmitted via the D2D control region providean indication of the allocation of resources within the D2D dataregions.
 6. The circuitry of claim 5, wherein the transceiver circuitryis further configured to receive signals representing a resourceallocation message in the D2D control region, the resource allocationmessage providing an indication of a set of resources of the D2D dataregions; and the processor circuitry is further configured to performD2D communications with the another communications device using theindicated set of resources.
 7. The circuitry of claim 4, wherein thesecond set of resources is formed in a predetermined set of resources ofthe first set of resources.
 8. The circuitry of claim 4, wherein the D2Dreference symbol regions provide reference symbols for channelestimation at a receiving communications device.
 9. The circuitry ofclaim 8, wherein the circuitry is configured to transmit and receivereference signals representing reference symbols in the reference symbolregions.
 10. The circuitry of claim 9, wherein the D2D control region isassociated with a D2D reference symbol region.
 11. The circuitry ofclaim 4, wherein the transceiver circuitry is configured to receive anindication of the second set of resources from the wirelesscommunications network.
 12. The circuitry of claim 4, wherein the secondfrequency range is contiguous in frequency and smaller than and withinthe first frequency range.
 13. The circuitry of claim 4, wherein theresources of the second set of resources are contiguous in frequency.14. The circuitry of claim 4, wherein the uplink in the first frequencyrange includes control channels positioned toward the upper and lowerfrequencies of the first frequency range.
 15. The circuitry of claim 14,wherein the second frequency range is formed using resources from theshared resources of the first frequency range.
 16. The circuitry ofclaim 15, wherein the second frequency range is contiguous in frequencywith at least one of the control channels.
 17. The circuitry of claim 4,wherein the processor circuitry is configured to enter a reduced-powerstate in response to an absence of a D2D data region resource allocationrelating to the communications device in a D2D control region.